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As mobile devices such as laptop computers, mobile phones, PDA's popularity, all kinds of battery power source using integrated circuit development are becoming increasingly active, high-performance, low-cost, small packaging products are accelerating commercialization of formation. LDO (low dropout) linear regulator as simple structure, small size, low cost, low noise characteristics, has gained wide application in portable electronic products.

 

Portable electronic products, with higher power efficiency means longer battery life, and linear regulator efficiency = output/input voltage Nikon D2H Battery Charger output voltage x current x input current x100% and, therefore, more low quiescent current, input and output voltage difference (the difference between the output current and input current), the less, the higher the efficiency of the linear regulator.

 

This design-Ma low-dropout linear regulator adjustable output voltage of 2.5V or output to meet when the load is 1mA, minimum input and output pressure is 0.4mV, when the load is 300mA, pressure to 120mV, power supply voltage range from 2.5~6V.

 

1 circuit structure and work principle

Low dropout linear regulator circuit structure as shown in Figure 1, circuit by regulation tube, bandgap voltage reference and error amplifier, fast start, current limiting, thermal protection, fault detection, and sampling resistor network modules, and have enabled, adjustable output and other functions. Adjust the pipe as a pressure load device, to meet the requirements of the design, for its choose to key considerations: first transistors and MOS tube, because the triode is a flow control device, and MOS tubes are voltage-controlled devices, comparison, low quiescent current of the MOS structure. Second, the NMOS work require a higher than the output voltage of the tube-driven signal, while the PMOS tube without this requirement, particularly at low input voltage to produce a high drive voltage becomes more difficult. Therefore, this article using PMOS tube as adjustment tube.

 

-Ma low-dropout linear regulator circuit structure

Circuit of work principle is: in circuit Shang electric process in the, fast started circuit within has a 500 μ-a of current source of on CC end of bypass capacitor c charging, makes circuit as soon as possible Shang electric started, errors games put of with phase end through sampling resistance R1, and R2 on output voltage V0 sampling, again and Vref comparison Hou output zoom signal, control adjustment PMOS tube of gate voltage, makes output voltage V0 keep stable, is:

 

Circuit overcurrent, overheating during exercise when, over current limit and thermal protection circuit will respond quickly, adjust the pipe-state will be weakened, shutdown, protect circuits from damage and fault detection circuit will result in a low level signal. Enable high level circuit work when enable is low level, benchmark circuits and adjust the PMOS tube shut, the circuit is in a wait state.

 

2 key characteristics analysis and design considerations

2.1 missing voltages (VDO) and the quiescent current (Iq)

Leakage voltage is defined as maintaining the minimum input-output voltage differential regulator work, it reflects an important factor in adjusting the ability to adjust the pipe. For PMOS adjustment tube circuit, leakage voltage-resistance (Ron) and the Panasonic SDR-H80 Battery Charger load current (Io) determined, namely: VDO=IoxRon. Low quiescent current linear regulator for the difference between the output current and input current, namely: Iq=Ii-Io. Quiescent current driven by bias current and adjust the pipe grid current composition. Changes in PMOS tubes, gate voltage-driven, almost does not produce power. The regulator when carrying small load or no load, leakage voltage is extremely low, quiescent current is equal to the total bias current of the voltage regulators work. Design note PMOS adjust pipes-resistance and leakage current of as small as possible, each module works in a current state of the circuit.

 

2.2 power consumption (Pw) and efficiency (¦ç)

Low dropout linear regulator-power for the difference between the input and output energy, namely:

PW = VI II - VO IO = ( VI - VO) IO + VI Iq

Type on, the previous item is produced by regulation tube power, the latter is quiescent current power consumption. Voltage efficiency as mentioned earlier can be expressed as:

¦Ç =IO VO/(IO+Iq) VIx100%, full description of expression power and efficiency for low dropout linear regulator, LDO Voltage means low power consumption, high efficiency, low quiescent current.

2.3 load regulation ability and the ability to adjust the voltage

When the ability to adjust the load when the output current, output voltage to maintain the ability of value, defined as: δ VO/δ IO, change due to its characterization of the load regulator's ability to keep output at nominal value, the lower the value, the better. Ability to adjust the voltage when the input voltage changes, the output voltage to maintain the ability of value, defined as δ VO/δ VI, characterization of the input voltage and the voltage regulator capacity to maintain output at nominal value, this value is the smaller, the better. Its ability to adjust the load on the circuit of Figure 1 structure and the ability to adjust the voltage is as follows:

 

GM to adjust the transconductance of tubes; Aod for open loop differential-mode gain error amplifier; Rds for adjusting the equivalent resistance between pipe leak source; RL for the load resistance; R1, R2 is the sampling resistor. -Visible on, reduce the δ and δ VO VO ÷ δ IO ÷ δ VI grow GM and Aod as possible is the key.

Transient response of 2.4

Dynamic characteristics of transient response regulator, load current step phenomenon of transient pulse caused by changes in the JVC BN-VG107U Battery Charger output voltage and the output voltage stabilization time, and output capacitance COUT RESR and output capacitor equivalent series resistance, and bypass capacitor Cb related, transient voltage pulses for maximum value
Δ VTR (MAX):

 

Where: IO (MAX) refers to the maximum load current of step change; δ T1 is the regulator of closed-loop response time, and regulators closed-loop bandwidth (0dB frequency). To consider when designing an application to reduce transient voltage regulator pulses, namely improving the regulator's bandwidth, increasing output, and bypass capacitors, reducing its equivalent resistance.

 CS5463 is a serial interface/digital converter-Sigma die, for high speed power (electricity) calculation of highly integrated circuits. CS5463 by using low-cost measurement of the voltage divider resistors or voltage transformer voltage, using shunts or JVC GZ-MG21U Battery Charger current transformer to measure current, so as to calculate the active power, so the circuit is ideal for development of electric meter with single-phase 2-wire, 3-wire. Compared with the previous  JVC GZ-MG21U Battery Charger generation CS5460, CS5463 also apparent power, reactive power, and other parameters to meet the several needs of designers. In addition, CS5463-chip also has a temperature sensor, helps designers to adjust the temperature drift errors, improving the measurement accuracy.

2 x features

CS5463 characteristics are as follows:

(1) power data in the 1000:l dynamic range linearity ± 0.1%;

(2) precise measurement of voltage, current, instantaneous power, and voltage and current values;

(3) calculate apparent, active and reactive power, jiboyougong, harmonic power and power factor;

(4) power/pulse conversion function;

(5) low power consumption (less than 12 mW);

(6) the single power reference signals;

(7) the built-in power monitor;

(8) from the serial EEPROM "self guided" without a micro-controller;

(9) the simple 3 line digital serial interface;

(10) the optimized streaming

Resistance of the input interface;

(11) with a temperature sensor;

(12) with a mechanical counter/stepping motor drive

3 internal structure and pin functions

3.1 internal structure

CS5463 internal structure diagram as shown in Figure 1, it consists of programmable gain amplifier, 2 2-Sigma modulator, supporting high speed filter, power computing engines, eccentric, and Panasonic VW-VBD1 Battery Charger gain correction, power monitoring, serial interface and a corresponding function registers and so on. 2 a can programming zoom device collection voltage and current data,-sigma modulation device on simulation volume sampling processing, high speed digital low pass or can selected of Qualcomm filter filter take available voltage current digital signal, power calculation engine calculation all type of power, voltage, and current, and will calculation of power value by serial interface external output, both can received EEPROM, also can received micro-controller. The circuit also have an energy pulse signal output module, you can directly add-ins counters or stepping motors, eliminating the micro-controller and direct home delivery consumption, reduce the cost of electricity meter products

3.2 pin functions

VA+/VA-: simulation of positive and negative power supply, or +2.5 V/-2.5 v +5 V/0 v power supply;

VD+/DGND: digital power supplies and digital, +5V/0V power supply;

PFMON: power off monitor, monitor analog power supply conditions.

VIN+/VIN-: voltage differential-mode analog input channel, ranges from 250mV;

IIN+/IIN-: current channel differential analog inputs, range of ± 50 mV (when the PGA is set to 50x);

VREFIN/VREFOUT: input/output reference voltage, modulation provides for on-chip reference voltage and the output, usually at 2.5 v.

MODB mode selection for configuring CS5463-boot mode;

RESET/INT: reset and interrupt;

CS: chip select signal, low level, port to identify serial clock signal.

SCLK: enter the serial clock, the clock signal determining SDI and SDO input/output rate, valid only in CS low level;

SDI/SDO: serial data input/output;

E1/E2/E3 (EOUT): energy output, output low level of effective, proportional to the frequency and energy pulses, corresponding to the 3 pin active power, reactive power and apparent power.

4 x works

4.1 input filtering

Voltage and current channels input analog signal into PGA programmable gain amplifier, and zooms-Sigma modulator to a certain sampling speed of sampling, sampling results for high speed digital filter, get to meet the requirements of the digital signal. Voltage input channels using second-order-Sigma modulator, Sinc2 filter by a fixed high speed filter realization; current channel four order-Sigma modulator, and a Sinc4 filter, compared with the voltage range of channels, can be implemented in the case of input span more accurate measurement of the current channel. 2 channels of data followed by 2 to compensation through a low-pass filter FIR compensation filter after the loss of amplitude. In addition, 2 channels are provided with an optional high-pass filter (HPF), it can be removed before the valid values, power computing voltages and currents of DC component of the signal.

4.2 DC offset and gain adjustment

Filtering of instantaneous voltage and current digital offset and gain adjustments, this is based on the DC offset register (addition) and the gain register (multiplication) of adjustment. Transient data adjusted 24-bit sample values into a transient voltage and current registers, from which the user can through the serial port read out the sample data.

4.3 energy calculation

Active power computing, for example, samples are transient voltage and current digital, on transient voltage and current of each data multiplies, are sample values for the instantaneous active power. After each sampling period A/D, transient power sampled values into the power of the new register, n sample values for a set of instantaneous power, accumulated and used to calculate the value of each group after the energy values in the registers, and circuits in the n/d active power is proportional to the value in the conversion cycle. Same principle, effective values of voltage and current are also recent n instantaneous sample values of voltage, current, and can be read from the register of RMS voltage and current.

4.4 serial interface

CS5463 serial interface using the included 2 control line CS, SCLK and external mode 2 data line SDI and SDO. Serial interface integrates state machine with sending, receiving bumpers, SCLK rising edge analysis of 8-bit command Word, perform the appropriate action based on decoding of the order, or be addressable registers data preparing internal register is 24-bit. Read operation needs to be addressed within sent data to the register buffer; write to 24 SCLK cycle before the data transfer.

All lengths are 1 byte command Word. Write register command must be followed by 1, 2 or 3 bytes of register data; read the register command is issued 3 bytes of the register data. As shown in figures 2 and 3 respectively read and write to the serial buffer time series.

Reads and writes of the data by writing to the serial SDI pin the corresponding 8-bit command Word (high in the front) to start. When a command contains the write operation, the serial port in the following 24 SDI pin SCLK cycle record data (from the peak). Write instructions must be followed by a 24-bit data register, upon receipt of the data, State data will be written to the configuration registers, and then wait for the next command. After you start a read command, serial in 8, 16, or 24 under SCLK cycle starts on the SDO pin register transfer (from the peak), register on Nikon EN-EL15 Battery reading instruction can be terminated in the 8-bit boundaries. Read register, micro-controllers can also send new instructions and new instructions to be executed immediately and terminate the read operation.

Typical application of 5 x

As shown in Figure 4 is CS5463-220V, single phase power for core residential (2-wire) typical power measurement system of connections. Series and parallel the right on the first line of resistance divider and shunt resistors, resistor voltage sampling on signal filtering, symmetry of resistive and capacitive filters can help reduce electromagnetic interference, finally get to meet the requirements of the voltage signal, into the circuit for real-time calculations. CS5463 provides digital calibration, user sets the Calibrate command words corresponding to decide which calibration you perform. For voltage and current channels, calibration of AC and DC calibration.

For monitoring current shunt resistor in the circuit series FireWire port on the power supply, because in most residential applications energy measurement, meter Shunts in the on line help to find electricity. From this type of shunt resistors are common-mode input voltage of the line voltage should be the reference. This means that CS5463 input common-mode voltage with respect to ground potential is at a high rate of oscillation between positive and negative voltage. Therefore, the digital output interface with external digital interface design CS5463 (such as other communications network) should be cautious. CS5463 digital serial interface pins must be isolated from the external digital interface, make the measurement end of reference ground potential interaction with external interfaces reference ground potential is not, moreover, CS5463 circuit must be sealed and insulated to prevent electric shock.

Electronics and information technology has become the dominant factors of the development directions of new generation of automobiles, automobile power performance, handling performance in all aspects of performance, security, performance and comfort improvement and enhancement, will depend on the structural and mechanical system and the perfect combination of electronics, information technology.

Laser holography study on three dimensional image has been going on for more than 40 years in the industrial, economic, and other aspects of life has had a variety of applications. Traditional of holographic photography technology essentially is a simulation of non-real-time sexual of cumbersome of pure optical technology, in recent years rise of digital information processing technology and about devices device (computer, and digital camera, and CCD devices, and Panasonic Lumix DMC-FS7 Battery Charger new LCD display, and space light modulation device, and Internet,) and Automation control technology constantly impact traditional of holographic photography technology, some holographic company (as United States Zebra image company,) launched has digital laser holographic figure, makes it has has new development, this article will on this for a General describes.

 

Holographic three dimensional display include heritage, portrait, specimens, model, figure as of three dimensional lifelike space display, in this aspects traditional holographic figure (Rainbow, reflection, molded, silver salt, Ming rubber, lithography rubber, holographic figure) has has many of application, but due to traditional holographic figure of shortcomings (area small, depending on field small depth enough large, color does not lifelike, shooting processing process cumbersome. Not for real-time processing, analog limitations of image, and so on. ) Hindered further development of three dimensional display holographic technology and marketing.

 

1999 United States ZEBRA IMAGING company has launched a large area wide field of view, true-color digital depth polymer light reflection hologram, promoted the further development and marketing of three dimensional display holograms. ZEBRA holographic figure will holographic technology and computer technology combination up, formed new of digital automation pixel holographic figure technology, holographic figure color bright lifelike does not variable, level and vertical dynamic depending on field respectively may up 100 of, holographic figure area can  Panasonic Lumix DMC-ZR3 Battery Charger arbitrary large, makes holographic three dimensional display technology in space display, advertising publicity, heritage, portrait, specimens, model, real figure as, abstract figure as, industrial data, industrial design and so on aspects of three dimensional lifelike space display forward has a forward, Bright prospects for the application shows a hologram.

 

Image is mostly common in everyday life and work of one-dimensional or two-dimensional, such as photos, posters, screen, LCD, image text is rendered on the screen or signals, and so on. This article refers to the study of image presentation in the space of three dimensional image, does not render in a normal indoor diffuse light clear image, but with directional white lighting (multi-media projector lamp issued by the white light) space emerged again after three-dimensional image, you can see the different sides and different depths as if it were original.

 

Is actually formed by a beam of light waves of the holographic plate reproduced, virtual image formed by the divergence of the beam, real image is formed by focusing the beam in space in front of panels, this beam was the original scattering beam lifelike reproduction of image, gives viewers a strong three-dimensional and realistic. Technology of laser holography to have such an effect, you are actually applying modern information technology.

 

In recent years, a breakthrough in the study of holographic recording medium recording media is what has developed into a commercial light polymer, chemical treatment (developer, and fuser) can be replaced by UV exposure and heat, realization of making holograms of real time. Another big advantage is of three-dimensional image digital capture can be taken without identifying the corresponding physical, and the computer itself generates a series of three-dimensional holographic image entered into a spatial light modulator.

 

The so-called 3D Data Visualization (visualization of three dimensional digital information) on the plane, to measure ground elevation data entered into the computer using holography technology make holograms, diffuse lighting without the Nikon EN-EL10 Battery Charger   image, when directional white spot light, appear three dimensional topography. Oil exploration in the measured mass data input computer development of three-dimensional hologram, clear that the underground oil distribute.

 

Holography holography technique of three dimensional digital image acquisition than traditional's other big advantage is:

 

1. Due to used pixel (bar regional or square small regional) records information, pixel of number is no limit of, United States Zebra holographic company used had of holographic records version of basic size is 2x 2 feet, square small pixel large acquisition small is 2x2 mm, this block basic holographic records version Shang can has tens of thousands of a pixel, each pixel above records has a beam image information, many block basic size records version can mosaic became more large he holographic chart, no limit.

 

2. Using spatial light modulator for filming, and automated control and real time processing, eliminating tedious and complex processing steps, as well as using high power laser and other expensive.

3. A series of images taken by digital cameras and enter the computer digital image, these three dimensional data can be transmitted over JVC BN-V11U Battery Charger  the Internet, because the three dimensional holographic image data can reach massive, further research is needed for image compression, transmission and broadband optical fiber transmission network technology.

Digital has become very familiar with the term digital technology and digital products enable people to enjoy the convenience of more and more, it is becoming part of our lives. Camera with the tourism and the promotion of awareness of cultural lifestyle started into the family, as a tourist and household supplies, one of the wonderful moment of their memories, time clock, history will never forget. Rapid development of computer technology and the establishment of digital video compression standard, make computer as the core of non-linear editing becomes more popular, to Samsung TL100 Battery Charger establish their own nonlinear editing studio just in time. Have a non-linear edit suites, you can display their own creativity, has its own small world, developing personal skills, you can also earn some extra money, experience another digital life.
1: set up equipment articles

1. Nonlinear editing concepts

Nonlinear editing is relatively traditional linear edit in chronological order, in accordance with the traditional linear video editing information record order, replay video data from tape to edit external devices that need more, if the VideoPlayer, video, special effects generator, title, work processes are very complex. Nonlinear editing the use of computers for digital production, almost all work is completed in a computer, eliminating the need for so many external devices, calls to the source material is instantly realize, not on the tape over and over, looking for, breaking the single order of time editing restrictions, can occur in a variety of order, with quick and easy, ad-hoc feature. Nonlinear editing just upload at a time, you can "do anything" until you are satisfied, regardless of how many edits, signal quality will never change, so save the equipment, manpower, increase efficiency.

2. Computer

General requirements for the computer nonlinear editing is relatively high, using the key part is the CPU, memory, hard drives, motherboards, video cards. CPU P4 in principle, now the General configuration is P4 3. 06GHz; memory with 512MB DDR400, best with two section; Board using ASUS i865 or i875 chip Board; hard drive best is 7,200 go, capacity 120GB of, and best with two a, a for system, a for video footage, can with SCSI of more professional; monitor can with two a 17 inches of, if local small, on using a 19 inches of monitor, in price Shang a Taiwan 19 inches and two Taiwan 17 inches of JVC GR-D375U Battery Charger monitor difference does not more, Video card and sound card to by nonlinear edit card to determines, some nonlinear edit card on video card and sound card has compatible requirements, is not available too savings; comparison easy ignored of is chassis and power, chassis to note select internal space large of, such can makes accessories does not too crowded, has conducive to thermal, second to note thermal sexual, best is has convection fan (a introduction wind, a sent wind), due to nonlinear edit more is energy large, if long time run, stability of high power power essential, In principle to purchase power 400W the server, you can also select the server class of the chassis.

Non-linear edit suites can make wedding video.

3. Nonlinear editing card

Production of non-linear editing product on the market are also several large foreign companies, brand is not a lot, we are more familiar with Pinnacle, Matrox, Canopus, uses roughly divided into three levels, consumer grade, professional, broadcast quality, price differences are larger. Between consumer products from hundreds of thousands of dollars, editing simple, usually not edited in real time, slow speed, stunt needs to be generated, common is DV1394. Professional-level non-linear editing card price is between $ 5000~10000 and live editing can be done, does not need to generate a stunt, features more powerful, the edited output burn to VCD, DVD, playback can be satisfactory. In the price of $ 8,000 non-linear editing cards almost in real time collection and compression MPEG-1 (VCD), MPEG-2 (DVD), supports DV and analog port when real output. As for the broadcast of non-linear editing, regardless of editing, titles, features, results are absolutely excellent, but the price is also speechless, only TV stations, advertising agencies are used.

Personal non-linear edit suites, recommends the use of professional-level priced at around $ 8,000 of nonlinear editing with hardware compression card, to quickly get some editing done less demanding video processing, such as CANOPUS DVSTORM 2, MAXTOR X100.

2: Work

1. Collection

Current non-linear editing both recognize the card on digital and analog signals, digital signal quality is better than analog, DV signal in the IEEE1394 interface collection into AVI format for data transfer can be non-destructive editing, interface, video is DV, followed by S-Video with the highest quality, and then followed by AV, collecting as possible when selecting high quality interfaces for signal transmission.
2. Edit

Good resources on the basis of a film of art degree depends on your level of editing what. Edit first to see content, camera zhiqian first understanding about content summary, like series a story as to lens series up, has story plot, has conflict, around contradictions conflict of resolve and expand, makes film has culture charm; second is practices, edit software of Nikon EN-EL4A Battery Charger skilled, stunt of using, filters, titles of overlay, theme content of strengthening, screen language, more angle shooting enhanced visual impact,. To be innovative and often flowers and watching on television ads, is the most innovative. At the same time to reject a psychological problems, some people think there is a professional non-linear editing card you can make a very good film, but it's not, tools only work necessary for the editing process as well.

3. Output

In order to eventually be able to let everyone share the joy of work, package generates a complete program, can play on other media is the last process of non-linear editing. Selection of storage media, usually tape or CD, and hard little choice. From the Save and Exchange on the convenience of it, the disc to clear out some of the advantages, tape saves some requirements, such as steering, moisture-proof, saved time is probably 5-10. On the choice of storage formats, AVI format, MPEG-1, MPEG-2, and so are often used. In effect told, AVI format optimal, but the file is very large, other storage formats are lossy compression.

3: burning articles

1. Selection of DVD and VCD

China is not only a VCD player producing countries and consuming Nations, VCD players booming foreign envy of many large companies, DVD too. Believe that as technology advances and prices, of replacing VCD DVD day not very far. Professional-level non-linear editing for granted to select output DVD format and burn, burn a DVD disc capacity is 4.7GB,VCD only 650MB, clarity VCD is 240 lines, DVD for 500 lines, and DVD player and VCD player price difference is not very large, people are more willing to select a DVD player.

Linear editing card attachment in many, in the work are not limited.
2. Recording format

DVD-RAW, and DVD-R (w), DVD+R (w), after relative popularity is both formats, also called the "+", "-", so it will have a "-", "+" format of burner and burn a disc. Playback of both formats are similar, home DVD players are recognized. "-" Format to Japan pioneer as the main representative of the company, was launched in its earliest development, "+" format are companies such as Hewlett Packard, Philips subsequently moved. Speaking from the speed and convenience, "+" format should be a little better, software powerhouse Microsoft Corporation announced that it supports "+" format, so some people think that the "+" format is likely to win. On the market "-" burn a disc format is cheaper, "+" format of DVD burning is not common. In addition, the DVD recorder market trends now unknown, and even support the "+" format Sony did not dare to act rashly, launched Sony-500AX on all burn a disc-take-all, estimated by the end of this year should be more clear.

3. Burner and burning software

As stated earlier, formatting issues decided to DVD burner, recorders are generally sent burning software, speaking from security and stability, random software more reliable, there will not be any problems. Burning a disk you can choose from several brands try, what kind of compatibility has been used well, you don't have to frequently change.
4: application software

In addition, the simple mention editing software applications, nonlinear editing software that is really a "Premiere", a professional video editing software, and even United States movie studios also use it. Followed by the non-linear editing software for editing card manufacturers, "shadow" is also a very easy to use video editing software. I think random editing software preferred or Panasonic Lumix DMC-TS2 Battery Charger a non-linear editing card, followed by and then apply the "Premiere". If you want to do creative work, you should also learn to use "3DMAX" and "Photoshop", mastering knowledge of fine art, painting, with the correct market positioning and rich cultural connotations, to display your digital artistic Studios, and features.

    Charming rural scenery is the preference of many photographers photography subjects, General home users will be at the time of travel, filmed in rural scenery for background photo as a memento. But because of the outdoor shooting light, so many people think that pastoral landscape photography easy, in fact, this is a bad idea. To make each photo can be expressed a special about scenery, is the need for photography have some photography and  JVC BN-VF823 art skills, be able to give a soul to each photo.

Pastoral landscape photography Essentials


Reference to pastoral landscape photography, we naturally think of scenery of blue sky, distant mountains surrounded by forest, unbroken hills, vast oceans, boundless desert, fields and Plains, and so on, is a look at no end of natural scenery. How to take a spectacular scenery photo, first of all to grasp the essentials of garden landscape photography.

1, selected King to odd

Select "odd" is a lifeline for rural scenery photography. If a picture is nothing exciting, cannot infect the reader. In is not shooting a a Department scenery zhiqian, to carefully observation was photo scenery itself, under own on objective scenery of understanding and feel, first in mind in the conscious to imagine out last by to are of is what of photography image, as can scene brings back memories, to love to scenery, on conducive to idea out King us, and meaning new, and Canon CB-2LS Charger  form novel of scenic film, its effect to surprisingly and winning.

Pastoral landscape photography
Selected King to odd

Special sights are the two most attractive scenery photos, life in the concrete construction of urban people, seeing every day instead of tall buildings is a flat road, mid-levels building in the us focus, seems to make people feel the local legacy of architectural style simple and honest way.


2, framing to finish

This is a landscape of choice problems, is to remain from the complex features of the camera lens on its essence, leave the complex. Landscape landscape photography is the essence of spirit, as in the portrait photography in grasping "God", if not King vivid, emotional place King, landscape photography will lose its vitality, turned to no personality, similarity of the popular King. Scene to finish shooting is the key to seizing the scenery features selected scenes of the most representative part.

For example, landscape photo must have a strong sense of place, it can display events, actions, and how many natural environment be qualified with the local ingredients, which can include items such as animal, plant, fashion style, building details such as a very visible and recognized something, these are the most essence part of the scenery, it gives a specific local characteristics. Is the excellent scenery photo, it can through the scenery of the essence of success to convey a feeling of atmosphere can almost touch, second only to the actual existence.

Pastoral landscape photography
Photos are highlighted on the screen as a whole, and not many of them complex features.

3, catch the King to fast

Take a scenic film also must seize the moment. Although the scenery in the scenery looks like a fixed thing, but in the picture on the restriction of modeling to be affected by multiple factors. Seasons of change can change the screen scene of  Nikon Coolpix S570 Charger tone; weather's weather can change in the space of the screen; change affects the light direction and angle of the scene, it will change the screen line structure and key structure; horse up, person, activity, although not in the scenic film subjects, but mishandled moments we exaggerate, and so on. Therefore, in the scenic film shooting, requires strong moments of concept, in order to catch King, would not miss the best shooting time.

Pastoral landscape photography
Catch King, do not miss the best shooting time

In cloudy day when often there will be some unexpected sight, but they are usually short-lived. Photo not only captured the Sun will soon appear in time from the transmission of light in the cloud, and forms of trees we can know that the field should compare the wind, so when you shoot fast. For digital camera of the photographer, if you catch the King has no confidence can be repeated many times to capture shooting, Ning which there is no default.

4, King to the United States

Chingmei, is an important symbol of landscape photography. Table Chingmei consists of two meanings: one is the picture form the United States, second, it reflects the photographer's moral emotions and profound artistic conception. Pictures form the United States first of all is the pursuit of the overall beauty of a blowing to, as the main theme in music. Second is the pursuit of beauty of detail of color, light, line, shape, to the sense of people to enjoy the fun rolling, it would seem that the rhythm in music. Jiqing and artistic conception is photographers in scene, into human emotion among the natural features, condensed in the picture above, on screen love scene, feeling and Panasonic DMW-BCG10 Battery Charger  setting happily blended. Creating meaning profound artistic conception.

Pastoral landscape photography
The beauty of artistic conception

Hills of grassland, village with a fuzzy as the background of the picture, creating a taste of a fairy tale landscape.

Flash projector to eliminate When the lights flash, the main character often leave ugly shadow, a serious impression on the image of beauty and achievements of the main JVC GZ-MS110U Battery Charger character. By using some kaedah, which may be abolished, or interfere unjuran flash: 1. Majlis to circumvent the banner uprise One of the flash, placed on a flash camera, horizontal composition, photography, shot flash over the lens. Shadow is relatively weak. Banner uprise chart, projector flash, people fall on one side, background and character in a thick black curve is unjuran, exposure to very bad. Thus, the flash of light is one of the uprise composition must be dodged. 2. Choose a light background windows Indoor photography, everyone - the natural light chamber has a bright casement, we have taken over the character is set in windows, or select the right camera angle so that the windows behind the main character, so the flash will be unjuran and bright casement. 3. Describes a slow gate Single indoor flash photography, in addition to the light source is injected into the natural light through windows and interior lighting, but the latter two are very weak light, it is impossible to generate enough body exposure. But as long as the shutter is pressed, it will Panasonic NV-MC5 Battery Charger take a longer period, you can take advantage of light in a chamber offset into the flash into the left unjuran. Body when shooting against a wall or furniture, and other support perkhidmatan, the use of gates slowly 1/15-1/4 second or two, good situation to use a tripod, so the vibration. How to talk about. Interior panorama photography, flash is often lower than the figure much more in the chamber, for example, by using standard flash penyegerakan the shooting, the tendency to make an impression foreground overexposure underexposure, so the door can also shoot slow, the use of the impressive light and natural light chamber in , decreased exposure to uniform lighting. 4. Let people away from the wall When a normal person with a wall border, wall space for humans and small. Interior lighting and natural light should not be irradiated or reflected on the wall, so that * the subject within flash projector left wall is thick, so any signs of taking off from the wall - the eye on Nikon EN-EL9E Battery Charger one of the gates slow shooting. Flash projectors weakened significantly. 5. Plus flash diffusers Some flash on injap ground like plastic cups, so the flash diffuser may be added to soften the flash, if there is a diffuser there also may be used instead of white handkerchiefs or gauze, it felt pretty good, handkerchiefs or gauze used to close the flash lamp surface, a layer of soft, if not satisfied heart, you may add two or even three, but add a flash or a soft cloth with a soft mask, the flash is reduced, by kerana that, to improve visibility. After injap laity and plastic to open a big hole, but also add a thin layer of handkerchief to open large - hole stage. 6. Plays white walls reflect light Lightning head toward the ceiling, walls and other interior and a white reflective material, the use of reflected light to illuminate the subject people, this is what is called "bounce flash the law." When one bulb flash "flash reflection kaedah" to swap the direction of light, the light in front of the front or front light ceiling light, so the projector does not show up on the shelf, but this kaedah kerana, reduction of loss of light, then use. General as the original hole will open up big to get the Ricoh R10 Battery Charger proper exposure, especially to raise some level of opening may be mistaken as follows: Gap = (index flash / flash reflector + reflector in the distance), x ray reflectivity Where is "the reflection of light" is a reflection of the surface structure, color varies, usually white wall space in accordance with the reflectivity of the formula 0.7, dark wall, and the reflectance is sometimes even lower. Flash on top dihuraikan weaken or memadam six kaedah unjuran, kaedah this must be adapted to host state, rather than fleksibiliti information, which allows us to take a flash picture is more complete.